A Comprehensive Review of Classical and Modern Statistical Methods in Research
Keywords:
Research Methods, Social Science Research, Modern Statistical Methods, Digital Age, Artificial Intelligence, Traditional Statistical MethodsAbstract
Studies are significantly influenced by research methodologies. Quantitative research necessitates the utilisation of statistical methodologies. Advanced statistical analysis is essential to contemporary research in a number of fields, such as engineering, economics, social sciences, and healthcare. The literature on both traditional and contemporary statistical research methodologies is reviewed in this article. This review highlight that statistical methods remain foundational to research, evolving significantly with advancements in technology and data science. While classical techniques still hold value, the rise of big data, machine learning, Bayesian methods, and network analysis demands modern, adaptive approaches. The integration of statistical software such as SPSS, R, MATLAB, and Excel has revolutionized data analysis, making it more efficient and accessible. Researchers must carefully select software based on application needs to ensure accurate and meaningful results. As the digital age advances, understanding and applying both traditional and modern statistical methods is essential for reliable, insightful, and impactful research across disciplines.
References
[1] S. S. Henley, R. M. Golden, and T. M. Kashner, "Statistical modeling methods: challenges and strategies," Biostat. Epidemiol., vol. 4, no. 1, 2020,https://doi.org/10.1080/24709360.2019.1618653
[2] M. V. Vinodkumar and A. K. Anoop, "Review on comparability of 'classical' and 'contemporary' research methods in the context of Ayurveda," J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., vol. 11, 2020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2019.02.005
[3] P. Pandey and M. M. Pandey, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES. 2015.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6281-2_5
[4] D. Bzdok, "Classical statistics and statistical learning in imaging neuroscience," Front. Neurosci., vol. 11, 2017,https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00543
[5] H. J. Yang and H. S. Lee, "Common statistical methods used in medical research," Kosin Med. J., vol. 40, no. 1, 2025,https://doi.org/10.7180/kmj.24.160
[6] A. Kumar, "' The Economic Impact of Kumbh Mela on Uttar Pradesh : A Multidimensional Empirical Analysis .,'" Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Manag., 2022,https://doi.org/10.69968/ijisem.2022v1i154-62
[7] H. S. R. Rajula, G. Verlato, M. Manchia, N. Antonucci, and V. Fanos, "Comparison of conventional statistical methods with machine learning in medicine: Diagnosis, drug development, and treatment," Med., vol. 56, 2020,https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56090455
[8] D. B. B. Kotikalapudi and D. S. Sheibani, "Analysis of Depression in Married Women: A Quantitative Exploration of PHQ-9 Responses on Neuropathogenesis," Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Manag., vol. 4, no. 1, 2025,https://doi.org/10.69968/ijisem.2025v4i1234-240
[9] P. Maravelakis, "The use of statistics in social sciences," J. Humanit. Appl. Soc. Sci., vol. 1, no. 2, 2019,https://doi.org/10.1108/JHASS-08-2019-0038
[10] S. Pandey and S. Mishra, "Role of Digital Technology on Work-Life Balance of Women Agripreneur in Rural India," Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Manag., pp. 459-463, 2025,doi: 10.69968/ijisem.2025v3si2459-463.
[11] H. Y. Kim, "Recent advances in statistics," J. Periodontal Implant Sci., vol. 52, no. 3, 2022,https://doi.org/10.5051/jpis.225203edi01
[12] A. Gelman and A. Vehtari, "What are the Most Important Statistical Ideas of the Past 50 Years?," J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 2021,https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2021.1938081
[13] J. Cui, "A Comparative Analysis of Statistical Methods in Social Science Research: ANOVA, Multi-factor ANOVA, Chi-square, and t-test," Res. gate, 2025,doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36197.72164.
[14] E. T. A. Ugah et al., "the Role of Advanced Statistical Analyses in Modern Research," IPHO-Journal Adv. Res. Sci. Eng., vol. 3, no. 02, 2025,https://iphopen.org/index.php/se/article/view/266
[15] Dr. Sandhya Choudhary, Dr. Vikram Singh, and Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Singh, "A Study of New Approaches to Statistical Analysis of Research data," J. Sci. Innov. Nat. Earth, vol. 4, no. 4, 2024,https://doi.org/10.59436/jsiane.275.2583-2093
[16] H. I. Cheong, A. Lyons, R. Houghton, and A. Majumdar, "Secondary Qualitative Research Methodology Using Online Data within the Context of Social Sciences," Int. J. Qual. Methods, vol. 22, 2023,https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231180160
[17] G. Kotronoulas et al., "An Overview of the Fundamentals of Data Management, Analysis, and Interpretation in Quantitative Research," Semin. Oncol. Nurs., vol. 39, 2023,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151398
[18] P. Sharma, A. K. Singh, V. Leiva, C. Martin-Barreiro, and X. Cabezas, "Modern Multivariate Statistical Methods for Evaluating the Impact of WhatsApp on Academic Performance: Methodology and Case Study in India," Appl. Sci., vol. 12, 2022,https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126141
[19] R. MHATRE and D. S. L. Sananse, "Research Methodology in Digital Age Using Statistical Software," J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res., vol. 7, no. 4, 2020,www.jetir.org
[20] J. Hazarika, "SPSS as a means for scientific analysis in social science research," Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng., vol. 8, no. 12, 2019,https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.L3252.1081219
[21] J. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Zhao, and X. Cai, "Applications of inferential statistical methods in library and information science," Data Inf. Manag., vol. 2, no. 2, 2018,https://doi.org/10.2478/dim-2018-0007
