Exploring the Parameters of Morality and Decency as Reasonable Restrictions on Freedom of Expression
Laws that impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of “decency” and “morality” are one of the exceptions to the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression protected by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India. However, at one hand vulgarity in the name of freedom of speech and expression and emergence of moral policing in the name of Indian values has created the serious issue for freedom of speech and expression. There is need to create a balance between personal liberty and communal standards of morality and decency. This research article explores the delicate balance between protecting freedom of expression and imposing reasonable restrictions in the name of morality and decency. The article aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the boundaries of free speech by critically examining the role of morality and decency as legitimate grounds for restrictions in a democratic society.
Transformative Power of Constitution of India: A Study in Light of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India
A democratic Constitution like ours is an organic and breathing document, very much alive to its surroundings. It has been created in such a manner that it can adapt to the needs and developments taking place in the society. Therefore, the Constitution of India being a living document also grows and evolves with the changing times. The natural identity of an individual should be treated to be an essential aspect off one’s being. Destruction of an individual’s identity would be tantamount to the crushing of intrinsic dignity that cumulatively encapsulated the value of privacy, choice, freedom of speech and other expressions. Therefore, the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India is a watershed moment in development of India’s legal history, marking a significant milestone in the recognition and protection of individual rights and equality, decriminalizing the colonial criminal penal provision. This chapter aims to examine the transformative power of the Constitution of India, in the light of particularly the case of Navtej Singh Johar. The authors have analysed its impact on societal norms, protection of the individual rights and legal precedents. This chapter explores how the judgment of the Apex Court has contributed to social transformation, evolution of legal principle and the protection of fundamental rights in India.
Indianisation of the Indian Judicial-Legal System
This chapter seeks to argue for the Indianisation of the judicial system of India. The authors have first tried to define the meaning of the term Indianisation, which briefly means the decolonization of the Indian Judicial System and localising the Justice delivery systems by adapting to the practical realities of our society and thus making it more citizen centric. Further, the authors discussed the need for Indianisation as well as various initiatives like legal reforms, legal language and communication reforms, promoting alternative dispute resolution and cultural sensitivity and lastly, technological integration to meet the desired objective.
Sedition Laws: A Scrutiny with Reference to Freedom of Speech and Expression in Democratic India in View of Transformative Constitutionalism
This chapter explores the intricate balance between sedition laws and the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech and expression in the context of democratic India, with a focus on transformative constitutionalism. Sedition laws, originally conceived to safeguard national security, have increasingly been scrutinized for their potential infringement upon fundamental rights, particularly the right to free speech. In light of the evolving landscape of constitutional jurisprudence and the transformative aspirations embedded in India's constitutional framework, this study critically examines the compatibility of sedition laws with the principles of democratic governance. The chapter delves into the historical development of sedition laws in India and their application over time, emphasizing instances where their implementation may have curtailed legitimate dissent and stifled the democratic spirit. Drawing from landmark judicial pronouncements, the analysis scrutinizes the constitutional validity of sedition laws, considering their alignment with the evolving understanding of freedom of speech and expression in the era of transformative constitutionalism. Transformative constitutionalism, as a guiding principle, underscores the need for constitutional interpretations that advance the transformative goals of justice, equality, and dignity. This chapter discusses how the judiciary's role in interpreting sedition laws is pivotal in aligning legal norms with the transformative constitutional ethos, ensuring that these laws do not become tools for suppressing dissent or stifling democratic discourse. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the chapter draws on legal precedents, scholarly perspectives, and constitutional philosophy to elucidate the evolving dynamics between sedition laws and freedom of speech in democratic India. By shedding light on the delicate balance between national security concerns and individual liberties, this chapter contributes to the ongoing discourse on the recalibration of sedition laws within the framework of transformative constitutionalism in a vibrant and evolving democracy.
Social and Economic Justice of Labour in India: A Critical Study
This chapter undertakes a comprehensive examination of the State of social and economic justice for labour in India, delving into the historical evolution of labour laws and their contemporary implications. This study scrutinizes the existing legal framework governing labour rights, assessing its effectiveness in ensuring equitable treatment and economic well-being for the workforce. Emphasizing the interconnected nature of social and economic dimensions, the analysis explores issues such as workplace equality, discrimination, wages, benefits, and working conditions. The chapter critically evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of current policies, identifying gaps and challenges in their implementation. It sheds light on the impact of globalization on labour rights, considering the evolving dynamics of the Indian economy. The role of affirmative action and social welfare programs in promoting social justice is explored, alongside an examination of economic factors affecting labour, including income inequality and informal labour. The recommendations provided aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse on labour rights, advocating for a more robust and inclusive legal framework. This critical study serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners seeking a nuanced understanding of the social and economic dimensions of labour justice in India
Right to Privacy and Electoral Reforms with Special Reference to Data Protection Law in India
In the year 2017, the Right to Privacy has been recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court of India. In December 2021, by amending the Representation of the People Act 1951, the Indian Parliament made a provision to link Aadhaar card with Voter ID card. Linking of Aadhaar data with Voter ID card is being said to result in violation of the fundamental right to privacy. In the world's largest democratic country, where elections are fought on the basis of caste, religion, regionalism etc., in such a situation, the side effects of linking Aadhaar data with Voter ID card can come out in the form of political profiling of voters. Efforts can be made by political parties to get voter's personal information in their favor in an undemocratic manner. Although a Data Protection Act has recently been passed by the Indian Parliament, some provisions of the present Act give the government privilege of using and storing personal data, due to which doubts are being expressed about the effectiveness of this Act in future. Personal data including health etc. must be protected. Protection of health data through separate legislation as The Digital Information Security in Health Care Act (DISHA) is needed for collection, use, storage, dissemination and transfer of data intra and inter clinical establishment. It is opted for need of specific provisions to control and regulate installation and use of CCTV and Biometric Data collection devices.
Status of Sedition Law in Indian Democratic Setup with Special Reference to Freedom of Speech and Expression
The word ‘Sedition’ has been derived from the word ‘Seditio’, which is the composition of two words ‘sed’ and ‘itio’. Sedition is a conduct or speech, which incites people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch. Democracy is based essentially on free debate and open discussion, for that is the only corrective of government action in a democratic setup. Freedom of speech and expression is the cornerstone of democratic governance and the democratic process cannot work properly without enjoying this freedom. Freedom of speech and expression creates a channel for open discourse on issues in democracies. The law of sedition has been weaponised by each and every Union and State government in the Indian federal structure. The intention behind the use of the sedition law has prima facie been to crush dissent of the people and criticism of Governments. Social activists, students, heads of various NGOs, opposition leaders and journalists have been the prime targets of the offensive crime of sedition. In this chapter, the authors have explored the role of right to freedom of speech and expression in democratic governance and the constitutional limitations cast on it. In this chapter the authors has examined the judgments related to law of sedition wherein the Apex Court decided the constitutionality of Section 124A, Indian Penal Code, 1860. Finally, the authors have analysed the provision related to the law of sedition under the New Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
Protection of Data Privacy under Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: A Critical Legal Analysis
Data privacy is an increasingly significant and complex issue in today’s digital age. It is a fundamental aspect of our digital lives, protecting our personal information from misuse and abuse. In India, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 marks a significant milestone in the evolving landscape of data privacy and protection. It is designed to tackle the growing concerns surrounding the handling of personal data in the digital age. It sets forth a comprehensive framework that empowers individuals with greater control over their personal information. Central to this Act is the acknowledgment of data privacy as a fundamental right, in alignment with international standards and best practices. While Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 is a substantial leap forward in safeguarding data privacy, nevertheless, challenges persist. Balancing the needs of innovation and business with the imperatives of data protection remains an ongoing concern. Moreover, effectiveness of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 signifies a crucial step toward fortifying data privacy rights in the digital era. By codifying fundamental principles and establishing stringent mechanisms for enforcement, it aims to protect individuals' personal data while fostering a conducive environment for innovation and technology-driven growth. Its impact will depend on rigorous implementation and continuous adaptation to the dynamic landscape of digital data. In this chapter, the authors critically analyse the personal data breaches by regulatory authority and aim to build a data protection framework that would regulate processing of personal data by government and non-government entities in light of right to privacy judgment under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
Role of Union Government in Indian Federal System to Establish Constitutional Machinery in States: New Dimensions of Constitutionalism with Special Reference to Manipur Violence
The Constitution of India is supreme law of the nation. It is both a legal and social document which provides the government machinery for the governance of the country. The objective of the Constitution is to ensure good governance in the country, where, all the organs of the government and their powers, duties and liabilities are subject to the provisions of the Constitution. These provisions also assist the government in carrying out all of its functions related to welfare of the people, maintain law and order, peace and tranquility in the society. The Constitutional framework mandates that the State as a welfare state is to protect the fundamental rights of its citizens, which could not be possible in a lawless state. Constitution makers were very much concerned about the governance of the country. Therefore, they made the provisions in the constitution to tackle situations of lawlessness if it occurred in a state. Every Government, be it the Union or State, is subject to provision of the Constitution. Action of the government in violation of the provisions of the Constitution, are subject to judicial review and liable to be declared ultra-virus by the judiciary. The chapter discusses the comprehensive constitutional framework of India’s federal structure and analyses the delicate balance cast by it between federal and unitary principles. It analyses the duty of the federal government in protecting the federal structure especially during various constitutionally envisioned forms of emergency experienced in the nation. This chapter focuses on the constitutionality and challenges faced by declaration of President rule in case of an emergency in a State in the past. This discussion was brought to the fore yet again when the State of Manipur was brought to a halt on account of severe unrest. The chapter discusses the internal disturbance that riddled Manipur and evaluates the validity and reasons behind the decision of the Union Government in not imposing President’s rule in this case.
Extent of Freedom of Religion in a Transforming India
Religion is an indispensable part of human existence. Freedom of religion is considered as the third most important civil liberty after the right to life and personal liberty and the freedom of speech and expression. The Indian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion and acknowledges the individual’s autonomy in his or her relationship with God. However, the Supreme Court of India, through the creation and continued use of the essentiality test, has tried to reform religion by restricting the scope of this freedom. Court has resorted to the essential and non-essential religious practice test to determine the essential aspects of this right. The Court has applied this test in an inconsistent manner, repeatedly changing the method of determining essentiality, seriously undermining religious liberty. This chapter examines constitutional framework pertaining to the various aspects of this right. It further discusses the various judicial pronouncements and recent developments to demonstrate the impact of the essentiality test on religious freedom
Judicial Interpretation of Religious Freedom
Harmonization of Constitutional Morality and Public Morality
This chapter will explore the intricate relationship between “public morality” and “constitutional morality” within the context of religious freedom in India. It will examine how the Constitution of India, particularly Articles 25 and 26, will address the interplay between these two concepts. The chapter will delve into the definitions and implications of “public morality” and “constitutional morality,” highlighting their complex interpretations by courts. The chapter will also underscore the evolving nature of public morality and its interactions with religious practices under Article 25 and 26. It will discuss cases such as Govt. of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India and Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India to elucidate the application of constitutional morality in by the Indian Judiciary. Ultimately, it will reflect on the challenge of determining precedence between public and constitutional morality and will look into the veering towards their alignment consequently a harmonious balance between the two may be forged over time through the continued judicial interpretation.
Modus Operandi of “Rarest of the Rare Case” For Capital Sentence: A Critical Testing of the Prudence of the Judicial Doctrine
Death Penalty is the most severe form of punishment under penal scheme in India. Death penalty is a judicially mandated form of killing wherein the punishment is taking of the life of the convict. The moralist advocate for death penalty as a necessary deterrent for the most heinous crimes inflicted upon society, whereas the progressive humanists claim capital punishment to be merely a court mandated murder. The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has evolved a formula to inflict capital punishment limited to the “rarest of rare cases”. In fact, the doctrine of rarest of rare case appears superfluous, vague and even incomplete on first blush. The judicial approach in inflicting the sentence has become subjective particularly in death penalties. A vast discretion is used by the judiciary thereby resulting in uncertainty of judgments. This chapter is an attempt to test the application of this judicial doctrine in similar cases differently. For this testing some relevant case laws are also discussed and analysed. The chapter is divided in five parts that aims to introduce the topic, overview of the punishment of death penalty in India, judicial creativity pertaining to death penalty in India, fallacies in death penalty jurisprudence in India, conclusion and relevant suggestions.
Gender Inequality in Various Personal Laws in India with Special Reference to North-East
Personal laws in India are always touching upon the complex issue of gender inequality. India being a secular state, religion and personal laws are basically interlinked where the moral, ethical, cultural, and religious beliefs of people differ from one another. To impart justice different people, have their different sets of laws. The position of women in the present era is reputable but neither equal nor higher to the male counterpart, it is still shadowed by patriarchal society and the various customs associated with day-to-day life. With changes in the present social system, corresponding changes in the legal system are increasingly felt necessary. However, the societal changes itself have not taken place evenly in the same geographically defined areas or remains uneven among the different sections of society. The present chapter will attempt to provide an exposition of gender inequality in various personal laws in India with special reference to North-East India, which is a profoundly problematic narrative that needs to be reimagined and interrogated.
The Caste System and the Perspective of Indian Courts: Navigating Tradition and Equality
The caste system, deeply entrenched in the fabric of Indian society, has played a pivotal role in shaping social structure, identities, and interactions for centuries. With roots stretching back to ancient times, the caste system remains a complex and controversial phenomenon that continues to impact millions of lives in contemporary India. The origins of the caste system can be traced to ancient scriptures like the Rigveda, where references to Varnas (social classes) are found. The caste system gradually evolved into a rigid hierarchical structure, with four main Varnas: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and artisans), and Shudras (laborers and service providers). Outside this system were those considered “downtrodden” or “Untouchables”, who were often subjected to extreme social exclusion and discrimination. The caste system's hierarchical structure has created a deeply ingrained social stratification that influences every aspect of life. While India has undergone significant social, economic, and political transformations, the caste system's influence endures. Untouchables and other marginalized communities continue to experience discrimination, violence, and limited access to education and employment opportunities. The reservation system, introduced to counter these disparities, allocates quotas in educational institutions and government jobs for historically disadvantaged groups. However, debates persist about the effectiveness of reservations and their potential to foster resentment among other segments of society. The perspective of Indian courts on this deeply ingrained system reflects the struggle to balance the preservation of cultural heritage with the imperative of upholding equality and human rights. The Indian courts on the caste system reflect the nation's evolving journey towards a more just and equitable society. The court’s efforts to balance tradition with the imperative of equality demonstrate a commitment to upholding constitutional values while respecting cultural diversity. As India navigates the delicate terrain of addressing historical inequities, it is the evolving perspective of its’ courts that continues to shape the narrative of change, challenging deeply rooted norms and striving for a future that dismantles the caste system’s hierarchies and embraces the principles of dignity, equality, and social justice. This chapter delves into the historical origins, hierarchical structure, and persistent challenges the caste system poses while exploring ongoing efforts of the judiciary to address these challenges. This will also delve into the evolving stance of Indian courts towards the caste system, examining landmark cases and their implications for social justice
Judicial Response to Caste Discrimination
Constitutional Morality in India: A Critical Study of Judicial Vision
India is among the few in the world as a democratic, sovereign State having a Constitutional vision for the governance of country and its peoples. The very principle was introduced by the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in the Constitutional Assembly. The concept of Constitutional morality which is dynamic and an evolving within the realm of Constitutional law and jurisprudent. It asserts that the Constitution of India should not only be a legal document but a moral one. It emphasizes the application of constitutional provisions in a manner that upholds the foundational values of justice, equality, liberty, and dignity as given in preambular ideals of the Constitution treated as basic structure by the process of judicial review. The decisions of the courts since the Keshavananda Bharti Case has exemplified the pivotal role of the judiciary in interpreting and safeguarding principle of constitutional morality. This chapter aims to explore the judicial perspective on constitutional morality, examining its critical legal analysis through landmark cases and legal developments.
Transformative Constitutionalism: The Indian Judicial Experience
Transformative constitutionalism focuses on constitutional guarantees and tools in order to align the existing Constitution with the need of the changing times. It aims at effectively enforcing the spirit and ethos of the Constitution. The chapter analyzes the concept of transformative constitutionalism through the judicial experience. Firstly, it aims at understanding the meaning and nature of the concept of transformative constitutionalism by tracing its origin as well as its use across jurisdictions. Secondly, the chapter focuses on understanding the judicial approach towards the concept of transformative constitutionalism as a judicial tool for dispensing justice. Thirdly, the chapter traces the various developments in the Indian Judicial experience which have led to the strong establishment of Constitutionalism in India. Fourthly, the chapter explores recent endeavors by the Indian judiciary which have helped materialize the idea of Transformative Constitutionalism in India. The chapter discusses various aspects where the Indian judiciary has consciously evolved and transformed ideals and values embedded within the framework of the Constitution fundamental rights. Lastly, the chapter summarises the effect and value of transformative constitutionalism, its limitations and potential in the times to come.
From Words to Action: The Role of Transformative Constitutionalism in Fostering Social Change
In the sphere of constitutional law, the concept of transformative constitutionalism has come up as a critical framework for creating meaningful social change. This chapter explains the intricate interplay between constitutional texts and their transformative potential to produce societal shifts. Through an in-depth study of landmark legal cases, scholarly perspectives, and real-world examples, this chapter explores how transformative constitutionalism goes beyond the conventional boundaries of jurisprudence to fill the gap between rhetoric and reality. By examining the mechanisms through which constitutional principles are used to address deeply entrenched inequalities and systemic injustices, this discussion offers a comprehensive exploration of how legal frameworks can serve as cause for societal progress. It further emphasizes the vital role of judicial activism, civil society engagement, and policy implementation in translating constitutional ideals into sensible transformations. By illuminating the dynamic interaction between law, society, and change, this chapter contributes to a deeper understanding of the power of transformative constitutionalism in shaping a more equitable and just future.
Civil Society and Constitutional Implementation.
Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery: A Review of Recent Advances and Multidisciplinary Approaches
The goal of the dynamic area of drug development is to find new therapeutic molecules to treat a variety of illnesses. In order to provide patient-centered care, healthcare experts from several disciplines collaborate via the multidisciplinary approach. This article reviews the many studies on the latest developments and interdisciplinary methods in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. This review highlight that the medicinal chemistry and drug discovery have undergone transformative advancements through multidisciplinary collaborations and technological innovations. BTA-based compounds have shown broad therapeutic potential, including anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, high-throughput screening, and rational drug design has accelerated drug development. Targeted therapies, gene-based treatments, and nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems have improved efficacy and patient compliance. Collaborative efforts among chemists, pharmacologists, and clinicians enhance treatment outcomes, minimize toxicity, and address unmet medical needs. This multidisciplinary approach fosters innovation, clinical standardization, and improved healthcare delivery, ultimately leading to more effective, personalized, and patient-centered therapies.
Recent Trends in Biotechnology Engineering: Innovations and Applications across Sectors
The term "biotechnology" refers to biology-based technology that employs living things or their components to create or alter goods or enhance microbes, plants, and animals. From a global standpoint, biotechnology is the use of biological systems, creatures, or derivatives to create novel goods and procedures that improve people's quality of life and solve global issues. Review the many studies on innovations, cross-sector applications, and current developments in biotechnology engineering that have been published in this article. This review highlight that recent advancements in biotechnology engineering have revolutionized multiple sectors, including medicine, agriculture, industry, and the environment. Innovations such as AI-driven automation, gene editing, bioprinting, and precision medicine are enhancing scalability, efficiency, and personalization of solutions. Startups are leveraging omics technologies, microfluidics, and additive manufacturing to develop cutting-edge applications. The integration of biotechnology with culturally relevant, inclusive healthcare models is crucial, especially in developing regions. Emphasizing decentralized healthcare and context-specific tools fosters equitable health outcomes. A holistic, interdisciplinary approach is essential to harness biotechnology's full potential and ensure sustainable, accessible solutions across diverse global populations.
A Comprehensive Review of Classical and Modern Statistical Methods in Research
Studies are significantly influenced by research methodologies. Quantitative research necessitates the utilisation of statistical methodologies. Advanced statistical analysis is essential to contemporary research in a number of fields, such as engineering, economics, social sciences, and healthcare. The literature on both traditional and contemporary statistical research methodologies is reviewed in this article. This review highlight that statistical methods remain foundational to research, evolving significantly with advancements in technology and data science. While classical techniques still hold value, the rise of big data, machine learning, Bayesian methods, and network analysis demands modern, adaptive approaches. The integration of statistical software such as SPSS, R, MATLAB, and Excel has revolutionized data analysis, making it more efficient and accessible. Researchers must carefully select software based on application needs to ensure accurate and meaningful results. As the digital age advances, understanding and applying both traditional and modern statistical methods is essential for reliable, insightful, and impactful research across disciplines.
Role of Dietary Fiber in Chronic Disease Prevention: A Comprehensive Review
Dietary fibre is vital to human health and may be found in plant-based meals. It comes in two varieties, soluble and insoluble, both of which have important health advantages. The purpose of this article is to review the diverse literature that has been conducted on the function of dietary fibre in the prevention of chronic diseases. This review emphasises the critical role that dietary fibre plays in avoiding chronic conditions such obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation. Better insulin sensitivity, weight control, and general metabolic health are all facilitated by both insoluble and soluble fibres. Improving assessment tools and establishing a harmonised global definition are indispensable for the advancement of public health policies and research. The promotion of fiber-rich diets through the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole cereals, and legumes, as well as the provision of affordable nutritious foods and education, is essential. In order to improve long-term results and lower illness burdens across a variety of groups, healthcare practitioners should include fibre recommendations into the treatment of chronic diseases.
Impact of Physical Education on Academic Performance and Mental Health: A review
It has long been held that understanding the relationship among mental health, academic achievement, and physical activity is essential to understanding human behaviour and growth. In this page, analyse the numerous studies that investigate the impact of physical education on academic achievement and mental health. This review emphasises how physical education has a major impact on students' emotional and intellectual well-being. Regular physical activity enhances focus, memory, and classroom behavior, leading to improved academic outcomes. It also mitigates mental health challenges like stress, anxiety, and depression while promoting vital life skills such as teamwork, leadership, and goal-setting. A lack of physical activity increases the risk of chronic diseases and can impair cognitive functions, such as attention and alertness. By fostering both physical well-being and emotional resilience, physical education plays a crucial role in developing healthier, more engaged, and well-rounded students equipped for academic and life success.
Impact of Technology Integration in Physical Education: A Review of Trends and Tools
Recent years have seen a sharp increase in the use of technology in physical education (PE), with the goal of improving learning results, student engagement, and long-term commitment to physical exercise. Review the many studies on the effects of integrating technology into physical education in this article. Through improved student engagement, personalisation, and performance results, technology integration in physical education has revolutionised teaching and learning, as this study demonstrates. By providing personalised training and real-time feedback, technologies like wearable fitness trackers, interactive applications, AI-powered platforms, and virtual reality enhance "cardiovascular endurance and activity levels". Technology also streamlines administrative tasks and fosters inclusive, creative, and innovative approaches to physical education. Virtual coaching, gamification, and performance tracking enable skill development and curriculum enhancement. With strategic investments and policy support, educational institutions can fully leverage technology to modernize PE programs, meet diverse student needs, and promote lifelong fitness and well-being.
The Role of Physical Education in Promoting Lifelong Fitness: A Review of Contemporary
Beyond encouraging physical health, physical education improves students' cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal skills as well as their life skills, including problem-solving, discipline, and collaboration. Examine the many studies on the topic of physical education's function in fostering lifelong fitness and modern methods in this page. Through the development of healthy behaviors, physical literacy, and general well-being, physical education is essential in supporting lifetime fitness, as this review emphasizes. A comprehensive PE curriculum aligned with national standards, combined with wellness education, empowers students to make informed health decisions. Integrating diverse, engaging activities and non-traditional sports appeals to varied interests, encouraging sustained participation. Family and community involvement, themed events, and the use of technology further enhance student engagement. Ongoing professional development for educators ensures effective instruction and innovation. By creating supportive, inclusive environments and linking physical activity to broader educational goals, schools can cultivate lifelong fitness and holistic development.
Inclusive Physical Education: Reviewing Policies, Practices, and Challenges
Global recognition has been accorded to inclusive physical education for its significance in promoting equity and participation among all students. However, there is still little study on this subject, especially in secondary schools. In this article review the various literature’s study on policies, practices, and challenges in physical education. This review highlight that inclusive physical education faces numerous challenges, including budget constraints, outdated curricula, inadequate teacher training, and limited student participation. These issues hinder the effective implementation of physical education in schools, especially in India. To ensure inclusivity, physical activities must be tailored to individual needs and capabilities, particularly for marginalized groups and students with disabilities. Teachers should assess students individually and adopt diverse instructional methods to foster meaningful participation. With proper training and updated practices, educators can help all students achieve key learning milestones. Promoting inclusivity in physical education ensures equal learning opportunities and supports holistic student development.
The Impact of Digital Economy on Emerging Markets: A Review of Trends and Challenges
The digital economy has emerged as a progressive economy that employs electronic communication and digital technologies to conduct economic and business operations in a diverse array of sectors, such as digital marketing, e-commerce, software development, digital financial services, cloud services and computer games. This article reviews the body of research on the trends and difficulties associated with the digital economy's impact on developing economies. This review highlight that the digital economy significantly influences emerging markets by driving economic growth through e-commerce, ICT infrastructure, and digital innovation. While offering vast opportunities across sectors like healthcare, education, and governance, it also presents challenges such as data privacy, cybersecurity, and workforce displacement due to AI. Strategic investments in ICT, targeted regulatory frameworks, and comprehensive training programs are essential to harness these benefits. Encouraging digital adoption and enhancing human capital will reduce regional disparities and foster inclusive economic development. With focused efforts, emerging markets like Indonesia can leverage digital transformation to ensure sustainable growth and competitiveness in the global digital landscape.
The Role of Nurses in Palliative and End-of-Life Care: A Review of Best Practices
The spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of patients and relatives during these challenging times are addressed by nurses, who are of paramount importance in end-of-life and palliative care. They are in charge of symptom alleviation, pain management, and promoting death with dignity. Nurses make sure that care is focused on the patient by being kind and communicating well. This makes the patient more comfortable and improves their quality of life. This article reviews the many studies on the role of nurses in end-of-life and palliative care. In providing patient-centered, compassionate palliative and end-of-life care, nurses are essential, as this review study emphasizes. During the latter phases of life, their unwavering presence guarantees patients and their families respectful treatment, emotional support, and symptom control. Effective nursing practices are shaped by knowledge, intention, self-efficacy, and supportive care environments. Training programs must emphasize the importance of nursing roles in palliative care to enhance outcomes and quality of life. By addressing holistic needs and fostering open communication, nurses ensure comfort, respect, and dignity for every patient. Strengthening targeted interventions can further improve nursing practices, especially in primary healthcare settings, ensuring equitable, high-quality end-of-life care.
A Review of Pain Management Strategies in Postoperative Nursing Care
The control of postoperative pain has a major impact on postoperative patient care. In order to minimize discomfort, encourage early mobilization, reduce complications, and improve overall recovery, effective pain management is crucial. Review the many studies on postoperative pain treatment techniques in this area. This review highlights the importance of multimodal analgesia (MMA) as a cornerstone of effective postoperative pain management in nursing care. By integrating pharmacologic options like opioids, NSAIDs, paracetamol, and adjuvants with regional techniques, MMA significantly reduces pain scores, opioid consumption, and associated side effects. Tailoring strategies to individual patient needs, surgical type, and cultural factors ensures optimal outcomes. MMA enhances patient comfort, shortens hospital stays, and promotes faster recovery, improving overall satisfaction. These findings underscore the need for flexible, patient-centered pain management protocols in nursing practice to achieve safer, more effective, and holistic postoperative care.
A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Security: Challenges and Future Prospects
The blockchain is a useful method and service that has shown excellent development and application potential. But there have also been significant security concerns, and a number of attack issues and security flaws in blockchain-based systems have surfaced. Extensive attention has been recently directed towards blockchain security concerns. Review the many studies on the difficulties and potential for blockchain security in this article. This review provides a comprehensive examination of blockchain security, identifying key vulnerabilities such as 51% attacks, smart contract flaws, Sybil attacks, phishing, and insider threats. Real-world case studies and formal verification experiments highlight existing weaknesses and the need for robust defense mechanisms. While blockchain offers inherent advantages for data security, particularly in sectors like healthcare, its limitations hinder widespread adoption. Future advancements will rely on improved technologies, regulatory frameworks, and interdisciplinary applications. Emerging innovations like AI, quantum-resistant cryptography, and interoperability frameworks are poised to play a crucial role in enhancing blockchain resilience and ensuring secure, scalable deployments.
Research Trends in Multidisciplinary Research (Volume-1)
Research Trends in Multidisciplinary Research (Volume-1) is a comprehensive compilation of cutting-edge studies exploring the convergence of various academic fields. This volume showcases research spanning engineering, social sciences, health sciences, education, management, and more—highlighting the interconnectedness of diverse disciplines in solving real-world problems. The book is structured to provide readers with a broad perspective on current trends, methodologies, and innovations in multidisciplinary research. Each chapter offers valuable insights, backed by empirical data and critical analysis, catering to scholars, professionals, and students alike. By emphasizing the importance of collaborative and cross-disciplinary approaches, this book seeks to foster a deeper understanding of how integrated research enhances problem-solving and innovation. Whether for academic inquiry, professional development, or policy formulation, this volume serves as a timely reference for those committed to advancing knowledge through multidimensional research efforts.