Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery: A Review of Recent Advances and Multidisciplinary Approaches
The goal of the dynamic area of drug development is to find new therapeutic molecules to treat a variety of illnesses. In order to provide patient-centered care, healthcare experts from several disciplines collaborate via the multidisciplinary approach. This article reviews the many studies on the latest developments and interdisciplinary methods in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. This review highlight that the medicinal chemistry and drug discovery have undergone transformative advancements through multidisciplinary collaborations and technological innovations. BTA-based compounds have shown broad therapeutic potential, including anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, high-throughput screening, and rational drug design has accelerated drug development. Targeted therapies, gene-based treatments, and nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems have improved efficacy and patient compliance. Collaborative efforts among chemists, pharmacologists, and clinicians enhance treatment outcomes, minimize toxicity, and address unmet medical needs. This multidisciplinary approach fosters innovation, clinical standardization, and improved healthcare delivery, ultimately leading to more effective, personalized, and patient-centered therapies.
Recent Trends in Biotechnology Engineering: Innovations and Applications across Sectors
The term "biotechnology" refers to biology-based technology that employs living things or their components to create or alter goods or enhance microbes, plants, and animals. From a global standpoint, biotechnology is the use of biological systems, creatures, or derivatives to create novel goods and procedures that improve people's quality of life and solve global issues. Review the many studies on innovations, cross-sector applications, and current developments in biotechnology engineering that have been published in this article. This review highlight that recent advancements in biotechnology engineering have revolutionized multiple sectors, including medicine, agriculture, industry, and the environment. Innovations such as AI-driven automation, gene editing, bioprinting, and precision medicine are enhancing scalability, efficiency, and personalization of solutions. Startups are leveraging omics technologies, microfluidics, and additive manufacturing to develop cutting-edge applications. The integration of biotechnology with culturally relevant, inclusive healthcare models is crucial, especially in developing regions. Emphasizing decentralized healthcare and context-specific tools fosters equitable health outcomes. A holistic, interdisciplinary approach is essential to harness biotechnology's full potential and ensure sustainable, accessible solutions across diverse global populations.
A Comprehensive Review of Classical and Modern Statistical Methods in Research
Studies are significantly influenced by research methodologies. Quantitative research necessitates the utilisation of statistical methodologies. Advanced statistical analysis is essential to contemporary research in a number of fields, such as engineering, economics, social sciences, and healthcare. The literature on both traditional and contemporary statistical research methodologies is reviewed in this article. This review highlight that statistical methods remain foundational to research, evolving significantly with advancements in technology and data science. While classical techniques still hold value, the rise of big data, machine learning, Bayesian methods, and network analysis demands modern, adaptive approaches. The integration of statistical software such as SPSS, R, MATLAB, and Excel has revolutionized data analysis, making it more efficient and accessible. Researchers must carefully select software based on application needs to ensure accurate and meaningful results. As the digital age advances, understanding and applying both traditional and modern statistical methods is essential for reliable, insightful, and impactful research across disciplines.
Role of Dietary Fiber in Chronic Disease Prevention: A Comprehensive Review
Dietary fibre is vital to human health and may be found in plant-based meals. It comes in two varieties, soluble and insoluble, both of which have important health advantages. The purpose of this article is to review the diverse literature that has been conducted on the function of dietary fibre in the prevention of chronic diseases. This review emphasises the critical role that dietary fibre plays in avoiding chronic conditions such obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation. Better insulin sensitivity, weight control, and general metabolic health are all facilitated by both insoluble and soluble fibres. Improving assessment tools and establishing a harmonised global definition are indispensable for the advancement of public health policies and research. The promotion of fiber-rich diets through the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole cereals, and legumes, as well as the provision of affordable nutritious foods and education, is essential. In order to improve long-term results and lower illness burdens across a variety of groups, healthcare practitioners should include fibre recommendations into the treatment of chronic diseases.
Impact of Physical Education on Academic Performance and Mental Health: A review
It has long been held that understanding the relationship among mental health, academic achievement, and physical activity is essential to understanding human behaviour and growth. In this page, analyse the numerous studies that investigate the impact of physical education on academic achievement and mental health. This review emphasises how physical education has a major impact on students' emotional and intellectual well-being. Regular physical activity enhances focus, memory, and classroom behavior, leading to improved academic outcomes. It also mitigates mental health challenges like stress, anxiety, and depression while promoting vital life skills such as teamwork, leadership, and goal-setting. A lack of physical activity increases the risk of chronic diseases and can impair cognitive functions, such as attention and alertness. By fostering both physical well-being and emotional resilience, physical education plays a crucial role in developing healthier, more engaged, and well-rounded students equipped for academic and life success.
Impact of Technology Integration in Physical Education: A Review of Trends and Tools
Recent years have seen a sharp increase in the use of technology in physical education (PE), with the goal of improving learning results, student engagement, and long-term commitment to physical exercise. Review the many studies on the effects of integrating technology into physical education in this article. Through improved student engagement, personalisation, and performance results, technology integration in physical education has revolutionised teaching and learning, as this study demonstrates. By providing personalised training and real-time feedback, technologies like wearable fitness trackers, interactive applications, AI-powered platforms, and virtual reality enhance "cardiovascular endurance and activity levels". Technology also streamlines administrative tasks and fosters inclusive, creative, and innovative approaches to physical education. Virtual coaching, gamification, and performance tracking enable skill development and curriculum enhancement. With strategic investments and policy support, educational institutions can fully leverage technology to modernize PE programs, meet diverse student needs, and promote lifelong fitness and well-being.
The Role of Physical Education in Promoting Lifelong Fitness: A Review of Contemporary
Beyond encouraging physical health, physical education improves students' cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal skills as well as their life skills, including problem-solving, discipline, and collaboration. Examine the many studies on the topic of physical education's function in fostering lifelong fitness and modern methods in this page. Through the development of healthy behaviors, physical literacy, and general well-being, physical education is essential in supporting lifetime fitness, as this review emphasizes. A comprehensive PE curriculum aligned with national standards, combined with wellness education, empowers students to make informed health decisions. Integrating diverse, engaging activities and non-traditional sports appeals to varied interests, encouraging sustained participation. Family and community involvement, themed events, and the use of technology further enhance student engagement. Ongoing professional development for educators ensures effective instruction and innovation. By creating supportive, inclusive environments and linking physical activity to broader educational goals, schools can cultivate lifelong fitness and holistic development.
Inclusive Physical Education: Reviewing Policies, Practices, and Challenges
Global recognition has been accorded to inclusive physical education for its significance in promoting equity and participation among all students. However, there is still little study on this subject, especially in secondary schools. In this article review the various literature’s study on policies, practices, and challenges in physical education. This review highlight that inclusive physical education faces numerous challenges, including budget constraints, outdated curricula, inadequate teacher training, and limited student participation. These issues hinder the effective implementation of physical education in schools, especially in India. To ensure inclusivity, physical activities must be tailored to individual needs and capabilities, particularly for marginalized groups and students with disabilities. Teachers should assess students individually and adopt diverse instructional methods to foster meaningful participation. With proper training and updated practices, educators can help all students achieve key learning milestones. Promoting inclusivity in physical education ensures equal learning opportunities and supports holistic student development.
The Impact of Digital Economy on Emerging Markets: A Review of Trends and Challenges
The digital economy has emerged as a progressive economy that employs electronic communication and digital technologies to conduct economic and business operations in a diverse array of sectors, such as digital marketing, e-commerce, software development, digital financial services, cloud services and computer games. This article reviews the body of research on the trends and difficulties associated with the digital economy's impact on developing economies. This review highlight that the digital economy significantly influences emerging markets by driving economic growth through e-commerce, ICT infrastructure, and digital innovation. While offering vast opportunities across sectors like healthcare, education, and governance, it also presents challenges such as data privacy, cybersecurity, and workforce displacement due to AI. Strategic investments in ICT, targeted regulatory frameworks, and comprehensive training programs are essential to harness these benefits. Encouraging digital adoption and enhancing human capital will reduce regional disparities and foster inclusive economic development. With focused efforts, emerging markets like Indonesia can leverage digital transformation to ensure sustainable growth and competitiveness in the global digital landscape.
The Role of Nurses in Palliative and End-of-Life Care: A Review of Best Practices
The spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of patients and relatives during these challenging times are addressed by nurses, who are of paramount importance in end-of-life and palliative care. They are in charge of symptom alleviation, pain management, and promoting death with dignity. Nurses make sure that care is focused on the patient by being kind and communicating well. This makes the patient more comfortable and improves their quality of life. This article reviews the many studies on the role of nurses in end-of-life and palliative care. In providing patient-centered, compassionate palliative and end-of-life care, nurses are essential, as this review study emphasizes. During the latter phases of life, their unwavering presence guarantees patients and their families respectful treatment, emotional support, and symptom control. Effective nursing practices are shaped by knowledge, intention, self-efficacy, and supportive care environments. Training programs must emphasize the importance of nursing roles in palliative care to enhance outcomes and quality of life. By addressing holistic needs and fostering open communication, nurses ensure comfort, respect, and dignity for every patient. Strengthening targeted interventions can further improve nursing practices, especially in primary healthcare settings, ensuring equitable, high-quality end-of-life care.
A Review of Pain Management Strategies in Postoperative Nursing Care
The control of postoperative pain has a major impact on postoperative patient care. In order to minimize discomfort, encourage early mobilization, reduce complications, and improve overall recovery, effective pain management is crucial. Review the many studies on postoperative pain treatment techniques in this area. This review highlights the importance of multimodal analgesia (MMA) as a cornerstone of effective postoperative pain management in nursing care. By integrating pharmacologic options like opioids, NSAIDs, paracetamol, and adjuvants with regional techniques, MMA significantly reduces pain scores, opioid consumption, and associated side effects. Tailoring strategies to individual patient needs, surgical type, and cultural factors ensures optimal outcomes. MMA enhances patient comfort, shortens hospital stays, and promotes faster recovery, improving overall satisfaction. These findings underscore the need for flexible, patient-centered pain management protocols in nursing practice to achieve safer, more effective, and holistic postoperative care.
A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Security: Challenges and Future Prospects
The blockchain is a useful method and service that has shown excellent development and application potential. But there have also been significant security concerns, and a number of attack issues and security flaws in blockchain-based systems have surfaced. Extensive attention has been recently directed towards blockchain security concerns. Review the many studies on the difficulties and potential for blockchain security in this article. This review provides a comprehensive examination of blockchain security, identifying key vulnerabilities such as 51% attacks, smart contract flaws, Sybil attacks, phishing, and insider threats. Real-world case studies and formal verification experiments highlight existing weaknesses and the need for robust defense mechanisms. While blockchain offers inherent advantages for data security, particularly in sectors like healthcare, its limitations hinder widespread adoption. Future advancements will rely on improved technologies, regulatory frameworks, and interdisciplinary applications. Emerging innovations like AI, quantum-resistant cryptography, and interoperability frameworks are poised to play a crucial role in enhancing blockchain resilience and ensuring secure, scalable deployments.
Research Trends in Multidisciplinary Research (Volume-1)
Research Trends in Multidisciplinary Research (Volume-1) is a comprehensive compilation of cutting-edge studies exploring the convergence of various academic fields. This volume showcases research spanning engineering, social sciences, health sciences, education, management, and more—highlighting the interconnectedness of diverse disciplines in solving real-world problems. The book is structured to provide readers with a broad perspective on current trends, methodologies, and innovations in multidisciplinary research. Each chapter offers valuable insights, backed by empirical data and critical analysis, catering to scholars, professionals, and students alike. By emphasizing the importance of collaborative and cross-disciplinary approaches, this book seeks to foster a deeper understanding of how integrated research enhances problem-solving and innovation. Whether for academic inquiry, professional development, or policy formulation, this volume serves as a timely reference for those committed to advancing knowledge through multidimensional research efforts.
Ethics and Morality in Humanistic Studies: A Review
Moral principles are the subject of ethics and morality, a branch of philosophy. The concepts of morality conceptualise human action or character as either right or wrong, good or evil. On the other hand, morals are a subjective and individual concept that varies across cultures, time, and individuals. While some people or societies see certain intentions, choices, and behaviours as moral, others may view them as immoral. The morals and ethics of humanistic studies are reviewed in this article. This review highlights the transformative role of humanistic approaches—such as reflective dialogue, values-based activities, and experiential learning—in cultivating ethical resilience, empathy, and moral reasoning. Evidence from various domains, including education and healthcare, demonstrates the integration of ethical and humanistic practices fosters compassionate, socially responsible individuals. Altruism and reciprocity theories underscore evolving moral behavior in advanced societies, while moderate ethical sensitivity among students reveals room for growth through humanistic care education. Despite progress, moral development remains context-dependent, requiring cultural, systemic, and pedagogical support. The findings affirm that nurturing morality through humanistic education is essential for societal and personal flourishing.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Recent Advances and Effectiveness
All throughout the world, people use cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), an evidence-based treatment, with similar behavioural and cognitive integrity. A diverse array of emotional challenges and mental health conditions can be effectively addressed and managed through cognitive behavioural therapy. Throughout this article, we will examine a variety of literature that has investigated the efficacy and recent advancements of cognitive behavioural therapy. This review highlights that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), including its third-wave approaches emphasizing mindfulness and acceptance, is effective in reducing psychological distress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms across diverse populations. Group-based CBT shows strong outcomes for anxiety reduction, while CBT-ED demonstrates promise for treating eating disorders, particularly in youth. The integration of digital and traditional CBT delivery models enhances accessibility and patient comfort but must ensure treatment fidelity. Though benefits are statistically significant, they often reflect modest effect sizes, emphasizing the need for individualized treatment dosing and sustained practice. Long-term efficacy and booster sessions warrant further investigation for lasting outcomes.
Urbanization and Its Effects on Social Relationships
Given the ongoing rise in urbanisation, it is crucial to comprehend how social structure, urbanisation, and environmental sustainability interact in order to promote sustainable urban development. The impact of urbanisation on social relationships is the subject of this article. This review reveals that rapid urbanization, driven by population growth, improved infrastructure, and economic opportunities, significantly alters social relationships. Urban life fosters individualism, reduced household size, and weakened community ties due to congestion, privacy needs, and lifestyle changes. While urban areas offer improved services, they also face challenges like crime, pollution, and social fragmentation. Urbanization affects social cohesion through shifts in employment, environmental conditions, and cultural dynamics. Technology, though beneficial, may hinder meaningful social interactions if overused. Inclusive planning, community engagement, and sustainable development strategies are essential to mitigate negative impacts and strengthen social bonds in rapidly urbanizing societies.
Changing Family Structures in the 21st Century: Trends and Impacts
Every society has a family, which is a social organisation that brings individuals together in cooperative groupings to manage childbearing and upbringing. Kinship is another name for family relationships, which are social bonds formed by marriage, adoption, or blood. The fundamental unit of society is the family. This article examines the numerous works of literature on how family arrangements are evolving in the twenty-first century. This review highlights significant shifts in family structures in the 21st century, with a growing transition from joint to nuclear families and a steady rise in non-traditional forms such as single-parent, cohabiting, and LGBT families. Despite structural changes, all families seek care, support, and emotional connection. These changes influence individual behavior, parenting roles, and child development. The rise in divorce, delayed marriages, and reduced fertility reflect evolving social values. Increased independence in nuclear families may challenge long-term family stability, with potential shifts toward live-in relationships. Understanding these trends is crucial for shaping responsive policies and sustaining healthy family environments.
Understanding Human Behavior: A Review of Psychological Theories and Their Applications
Psychology is a scientific discipline that concentrates on the mind and behaviour, having initially dissociated from philosophy and medicine. It has experienced a lengthy process of acceptance as a separate science. Examine the many works of literature on psychological ideas, human conduct, and its applications in this article. This review highlights the value of diverse psychological theories in understanding and influencing human behavior. Models such as the ARCS model, self-determination theory, expectation-value theory, and goal-orientation theory offer insights into motivation, decision-making, and behavioral maintenance. These theories have practical applications across education, health, and organizational settings—particularly in sustaining behaviors like physical activity, weight loss, and smoking cessation. Understanding cognitive, emotional, and social influences enhances decision-making and promotes healthier behaviors. Emphasizing behavioral maintenance over initiation is vital for long-term outcomes. Overall, integrating these theories provides a strategic framework for developing interventions that support personal growth and societal well-being.
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Decision-Making
Emotional intelligence (EI) has become essential for building effective leadership and decision-making abilities in today's dynamic and complex organisational context. The article examines the many studies on the subject of emotional intelligence's function in decision-making and leadership. This review emphasises how important emotional intelligence (EI) is for improving decision-making and leadership efficacy. Emotionally intelligent leaders, as demonstrated in the Infosys case study, foster positive organizational culture, employee engagement, and improved team performance. Emotional intelligence (EI) enhances leadership qualities including empathy, self-awareness, self-control, and social skills—all of which are essential for resolving conflicts, working with others, and being resilient. Training in EI can significantly improve managerial decision-making, productivity, and business outcomes. The findings emphasize the importance of tailoring interventions to specific EI domains, as understanding emotions enhances decision-making, while perceiving emotions supports interpersonal effectiveness, making EI a critical asset for sustainable organizational success.
Neuroscience and Psychology: Bridging the Gap between Mind and Brain
One issue with the mind-brain divide is the intricate interplay between the fields of neuroscience, clinical psychology and psychiatry, and philosophy of science. Positioning with reference to certain conceptual/philosophical factors is necessary for research in clinical psychiatry and neuroscience. The purpose of this article is to review the diverse literature on the topic of bridging the gap between the mind and the brain. This review highlights the growing precision of theories in behavioural neuroscience, driven by advanced methods of measuring brain activity. Computational models linking neural networks to cognition provide promising insights into brain-mind dynamics and enable prediction of behavioural outcomes. A major challenge remains in constructing comprehensive brain-behaviour models across domains like memory, attention, and mental health. Evidence suggests that the brain functions as a self-regulating system, with self-control networks playing a key role in integrative health. Targeting brain-body imbalances rather than isolated symptoms offers a holistic approach. Though complete solutions remain elusive, emerging findings indicate significant progress in bridging neuroscience and psychology.
Mental Health Challenges in the Post Pandemic Era
The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health has been well documented. But in the latter stages of the epidemic and after its formal conclusion, very few research looked into mental health. Furthermore, not much is known about the psychological toll that the pandemic and various post-pandemic global issues have had on individuals. This article reviews the many research that have been conducted on mental health concerns in the post-pandemic era. It came to the conclusion that a worldwide mental health crisis has been brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, placing additional burden on already brittle support networks, especially in low- and middle-income (LMIC) nations. More stress is experienced by mental health professionals (MHPs), and treatment efforts are hampered by pervasive misinformation. People and families have been profoundly impacted by the loss of organised settings like businesses and schools, particularly women and young people. There are many people who have persistent symptoms of depression, anxiety, and panic. Psychological anguish is higher in vulnerable populations, such as individuals with metabolic diseases. Long-term mental health risks must be reduced, and post-pandemic psychological resilience must be promoted, by ensuring continuity of treatment via telepsychiatry, focused therapies, and comprehensive legislative changes.
Interdisciplinary approaches in Humanities: A modern perspective
In the modern world that is becoming more globalised, the exchange of cultural knowledge (including ideas, concepts, imaginative forms, and techniques) is not only beneficial for creative interactions, but also for facilitating "cross-cultural tensions or misunderstandings". Interdisciplinary research that may bridge the cultural divide across disparate disciplines and areas of study is becoming more and more in demand as a result of the humanities' present research that promotes cross-cultural academic knowledge exchange. This article review examines the many studies on interdisciplinary methods in the humanities that have been conducted. This review highlights that interdisciplinary approaches in the humanities have evolved significantly with the integration of digital tools, big data, and artificial intelligence. Digital humanities education now emphasizes not only technical proficiency but also the fusion of diverse disciplinary knowledge and practical application. Courses across universities reflect this trend, offering training in text analysis, digital publishing, and spatial humanities. The convergence of traditional humanities with fields like data science and IT fosters broader perspectives and innovative solutions to complex social issues. By bridging disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, and literature, interdisciplinary research enhances dialogue and expands the scope of humanistic inquiry.
The Evolution of Digital Humanities: Challenges and Opportunities
One of the roots and main pillars of the digital humanities field, which aids in the development of solutions to handle enormous volumes of cultural heritage data—text being the primary data type—is the transition from studying a single book "on paper" to having the ability to browse numerous digital texts in this day and age. A survey of the literature on the prospects and problems in the field of digital humanities is presented in this article. This review reveals that digital humanities, while rich in interdisciplinary potential, face challenges including limited technical expertise among humanities scholars, inadequate theoretical grounding, and concerns over digital material authenticity and sustainability. Despite these issues, digital humanities enhance cultural preservation, access to knowledge, and collaborative global research. Libraries play a pivotal role, with changing librarian skill sets being central to implementation success. Gaps remain in exploring the roles of librarians in academic settings. Moving forward, research must focus on sustainability, training, and institutional support. Overall, digital humanities offer vast opportunities, provided challenges are actively addressed and managed collaboratively.
The Psychological Impact of Social Media on Adolescents
Concerns over social media's potential effects on users' psychological health have grown as its usage has increased. Online social media, which has become an integral part of our everyday lives, is held responsible for the rise in mental health issues among younger people. The purpose of this article is to review the diverse literature that has been conducted on the psychological effects of social media on adolescents. This review highlights both the positive and negative psychological impacts of social media on adolescents. While social media offers opportunities for learning, connection, entertainment, and income generation, it also contributes to addiction, cybercrime, anxiety, and the erosion of cultural values. The influence on adolescents' self-esteem and mental health is significant, with time spent, activity type, emotional investment, and addiction closely linked to psychological distress. Despite existing studies, many mediating and moderating factors remain under-explored. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive educational programs, tailored interventions for cyberbullying, and balanced policies that promote healthy, supportive digital engagement for adolescents.
Cultural Identity in the Digital Age: A Humanities Perspective
From its beginnings in the 19th century, coinciding with the dawn of a new industrial period, to the sophisticated, cutting-edge technical digital media tools available to us today, digital media has changed throughout time. Around the world, technology is a major factor in forming cultural identities and customs. The increasing impact of globalisation in the digital era is changing cultural identities. Examine the many studies on cultural identity and digital age that have been published in this article. The review reveals that digital media serve as both a catalyst for cultural expression and a threat to cultural distinctiveness. While offering platforms for cultural preservation and global connectivity, digital tools also risk reinforcing cultural homogenization and power imbalances. Particularly among youth in rural India, social media reshapes self-identity, social values, and cultural norms. The study emphasizes the need for context-sensitive strategies that promote digital literacy, algorithmic fairness, and the celebration of local content. A humanities perspective highlights the reciprocal relationship between technology and culture, urging mindful integration to ensure cultural resilience and diversity in the digital age.
Recent Trends in Humanities, Literature, Sociology and Psychology (Volume 3)
"Recent Trends in Humanities, Literature, Sociology, and Psychology (Volume 3)" is an interdisciplinary anthology that captures the dynamic developments shaping these foundational fields of knowledge. As part of an ongoing series, this volume builds upon previous scholarly contributions by examining new directions, contemporary debates, and critical insights within the humanities and social sciences. Spanning a broad thematic spectrum, the book features essays that address pressing issues such as cultural identity, gender dynamics, mental health in the post-pandemic world, technological influences on literature and society, and the changing landscape of social relationships. It also includes critical literary explorations of classical and modern texts, with an emphasis on relevance to present-day socio-political realities. The sociological studies in this volume engage with questions of inequality, migration, education, and the structure of institutions, while the psychological analyses delve into behaviour patterns, cognitive processes, trauma, and emotional well-being. This integrated approach allows readers to draw connections across disciplines and gain a more holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities of modern life. Intended for students, educators, researchers, and general readers with an interest in the humanities and social sciences, this volume serves as a valuable resource for keeping pace with the evolving academic and cultural landscape of the 21st century.
To study the present status of Wetlands and Rivers and its diversity near Bhopal district, Madhya Pradesh
The present study was conducted to assess the current status of wetlands and riverine fish diversity in and around the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, with specific focus on regions including Bhopal, Sehore, and Berasia. Field surveys were carried out from multiple water bodies such as the Upper and Lower Lakes of Bhopal (Bhoj Wetlands), the Parbati River in Sehore, and various ponds and reservoirs in Berasia including Goretia Talab, Sagoni Kalan, and Semri Kalan. Data were collected through field observations, interaction with local fishers and vendors, and secondary data sources including scientific literature and IUCN assessments. A total of 54 fish species belonging to 12 orders and 23 families were recorded, with Cyprinidae being the most dominant family comprising 20 species, followed by Bagridae and Channidae. The study noted a concerning decline in the population of Small Indigenous Fish species (SIF), attributed to the presence of invasive and predatory species like Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Clarias gariepinus, along with anthropogenic pressures such as pollution, habitat degradation, siltation, and unregulated aquaculture. According to the IUCN Red List, the majority of species observed were categorized as Least Concern, while others such as Tor tor were listed as Endangered, Wallago attu as Vulnerable, and species like Ompok bimaculatus and Chitala chitala as Near Threatened or Data Deficient. This study highlights the rich yet threatened fish biodiversity of the Bhopal region and underscores the urgent need for conservation efforts. Recommended strategies include controlling invasive species, promoting sustainable aquaculture, preventing overharvesting, and restoring natural wetland habitats. These actions are vital for preserving the ecological integrity of central India’s freshwater ecosystems and safeguarding indigenous aquatic biodiversity for future generations.
Study on Reproductive Biology of some Indigenous Cat Fish
The present study investigates the reproductive biology of selected indigenous catfish species Mystus tengara, Mystus vittatus, Clarias batrachus, and Heteropneustes fossilis collected from local markets in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, over a five-month period from August to December 2023. The research was conducted at the Department of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal. Monthly samples were analyzed to assess variations in total length, body weight, ovary length, ovary weight, Gonado-somatic Index (GSI), fecundity, and ova diameter to better understand the reproductive cycles and spawning seasons of these species. The maturity stages of the gonads were determined through macroscopic examination, and the GSI was calculated using the standard formula to track gonadal development. Fecundity was estimated gravimetrically by counting ova from different regions of the ovary, while ova diameter was measured using an ocular micrometer. The findings revealed distinct seasonal patterns in reproductive parameters among the studied species. Mystus tengara showed peak reproductive indicators in August, with maximum length (15 cm), weight (40 g), and ovary development. In Mystus vittatus, peak reproductive activity occurred in September, whereas in Clarias batrachus, reproductive maturity was most pronounced in October. Heteropneustes fossilis exhibited its highest GSI, ovary length, and weight in September, declining sharply by December. These variations in reproductive traits across species and months highlight their specific breeding seasons and reproductive strategies. The results of this study are significant for formulating conservation strategies and improving captive breeding programs for indigenous catfish in central India.
Study on ova structure of different gonadal stages of some Small Indigenous Fishes
The present study was conducted to examine the ova structure and fecundity patterns across different gonadal maturity stages in selected Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIFS). The investigation was carried out over a five-month period from August to December 2023 at the Laboratory of the Department of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal. Specimens were collected from multiple fish markets across Bhopal, including Kasturba, Vijay, Piplani, and Govindpura markets. Six species were selected for the study: Rasbora daniconius, Amblypharyngodon mola, Gudusia chapra, Puntius ticto, Heteropneustes fossilis, and Clarias batrachus. Total length, weight, fecundity, and ova diameter were recorded monthly. Ova diameter was measured using an ocular micrometer under a compound microscope, while fecundity was estimated using gravimetric methods by analyzing subsamples from different ovarian regions. Histological slides were prepared through alcohol dehydration, xylene clearing, eosin staining, and DPX mounting for structural observation of ova at various maturity stages. The study revealed significant interspecies and seasonal variations in fecundity and ova diameter. For instance, the maximum and minimum Fecundity for Rasbora daniconius are 13,912.29 in August and 3081 in September. For Gudusia chapra, the maximum and minimum Fecundity are 10,900 in September and 7013.83 in August. For Puntius ticto, the maximum and minimum Fecundity were found to be 23510.09 in August and 931 in November. For Amblypharyngodon mola, the maximum and minimum Fecundity were found to be 12147.07 in August and 1415.80 in September. For Heteropneustes fossilis, the maximum and minimum Fecundity were found to be 19208.48 in September and 15174.77 in August, and for Clarias batrachus, the maximum and minimum Fecundity were found to be 18320 in August and 10564.2 in September. These findings contribute to a better understanding of reproductive biology in indigenous fish species, which is essential for their conservation, captive breeding programs, and sustainable aquaculture development.
Effect of Greenlight on the Growth Enhancement of Indian Major Carp in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
The present study investigates the effect of green LED light exposure on the growth enhancement of Indian Major Carp (Labeo rohita) under controlled laboratory conditions. A 100-day experimental trial was conducted from September to November 2023 at the Department of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (23.19894°N, 77.45225°E). Juvenile Labeo rohita were stocked in two fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks: one exposed to green LED light (520 nm) and another subjected to a standard photoperiod. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and alkalinity were monitored weekly and remained within suitable ranges for carp culture. Fish were fed commercial floating pellets to satiation twice daily, and water was continuously aerated. Growth performance was assessed through regular measurement of fish length and weight. Initial length and weight of fish were 4 cm and 0.6 g, respectively. By the end of the experiment, fish reared under green light conditions exhibited slightly higher growth (final weight 1.25 g; length 6.05 cm) compared to those in the standard photoperiod tank (final weight 1.19 g; length 5.9 cm). Survival rates were also favorable, recorded at 92.5% in the green light tank and 88% in the control tank. The study indicates that green LED lighting can positively influence the growth and survival of Labeo rohita, making it a promising strategy for enhancing aquaculture productivity in controlled environments.