Teeth as Testimony: Advances and Controversies in Bite Mark Analysis and Forensic Odontology
Keywords:
Forensic odontology, Bite mark analysis, Dental evidence, DNA profiling, Forensic identificationAbstract
Forensic odontology has emerged as an important discipline in forensic science by utilizing dental evidence for human identification, age estimation, disaster victim identification, and medico-legal investigations. Bite mark analysis has been used in the past to help identify possible suspects of violent crimes by matching patterned wounds with those of specific bite marks. This review outlines the scientific principles of bite mark analysis such as human dentition, bite mark formation, evidence collection and characteristics. New technologies like digital imaging, 3-D imaging, computer-assisted comparison, DNA profiling and microbiome testing have enhanced the documentation of evidence and analysis. The review also explores key limitations of bite mark analysis, such as distortion of the skin, examiner bias, inadequate scientific validation, and the potential for false convictions. Moreover, it outlines the legal admissibility and ethical obligations of bite mark evidence in the Indian judicial system highlighting the importance of multi-disciplinary and scientifically accepted forensic practices.
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