Evidence Under Scrutiny: Admissibility, Reliability, and the Forensic-Legal Interface

Abstract

The role of forensic evidence in the modern criminal justice system has proven to be an invaluable tool that provides scientific assistance in the investigation, prosecution, and adjudication of criminal justice cases. But the reliance on scientific evidence has also made the assessment of reliability, admissibility and applicability of law to scientific evidence an object of growing interest. The review examines the basic principles and types of forensic evidence, the scientific principles that underlie the examination of forensic evidence and the need for validation, quality assurance and accredited laboratory procedures. It also highlights the legal framework in respect of admissibility of forensic evidence in India in terms of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 with a focus on judicial assessment on scientific findings. The changing nature of the forensic–legal interface is also explored, emphasizing the need for proper communication, ethical obligations and institutional cooperation between forensic specialists and the judiciary. Finally, it raises modern issues like forensic mistakes, digital evidence, standardized scientific practices and artificial intelligence. Building the capability of forensic infrastructure, professional competence, and quality assurance is crucial to enhance the credibility of forensic evidence and to ensure fair, transparent and evidence-based justice.